आखिर कितना हुनरमंद हैं इंडिया?

युवाओं को शिक्षा तो मिल रही है मगर ज्यादातर युवाओं को ऐसा कोई स्किल नहीं सिखाया जा रहा जिससे वे किसी उद्योग या व्यवसाय में नौकरी पा सकें या अपना व्यवसाय खुद शुरू कर सकें।

भारत में हर साल महज 35 लाख लोग व्यावसायिक शिक्षा या प्रशिक्षण कोर्स में दाखिला लेते हैं, जबकि चीन में यह सालाना नौ करोड़ और अमेरिका में एक करोड़ दस लाख है। वोकेशनल कोर्स के नाम पर इक्का-दुक्का कंप्यूटर कोर्स और आईटीआई जैसे संस्थान ही नजर आते हैं जो नाकाफी हैं।

कितने कारगार वोकेशनल कोर्स? : 2012 की गिनती के मुताबिक, देश में 7,145 वोकेशनल प्रशिक्षण केंद्र थे जिनमें सरकारी आईटीआई और निजी संस्थान दोनों ही शामिल हैं। नेशनल सैम्पल सर्वे के अनुसार स्कूलों में वोकेशनल कोर्स पास करने वाले महज 18 प्रतिशत स्टूडेंट्स को ही संबंधित ट्रेड में नौकरी मिल पाई, बाकी 82 प्रतिशत बेरोजगारी झेलने को मजबूर हैं।

गौर करने की बात है कि इन 18 प्रतिशत में से भी मात्र 40 प्रतिशत को ही फुलटाइम पक्की नौकरी मिली, 60 प्रतिशत को अस्थायी रोजगार ही मिला। असलियत यह है कि भारत और दुनिया का आधुनिक कॉरपोरेट जगत ज्यादा कौशल की मांग कर रहा है। इसकी तुलना में उपलब्ध छात्रों की रोजगार संबंधी काबिलियत कम है।

क्या फर्क है विदेशों और भारत में?

पश्चिमी देशों में रिसर्च और एनालिसिस पर आधारित शिक्षा का चलन है, उद्योग और इंडस्ट्री के कई वर्षों के अनुभव के आधार पर उन्होंने पाया कि अकादमिक शिक्षा की तरह ही बाजार की मांग के मुताबिक उच्च गुणवत्ता वाली स्किल की शिक्षा देनी भी जरूरी है।

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एशिया की आर्थिक महाशक्ति दक्षिण कोरिया के विकास में स्किल डेवलपमेंट का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान है, स्किल डेवलपमेंट के मामले में साउथ कोरिया ने जर्मनी को भी पीछे छोड़ दिया है। साउथ कोरिया ने स्किल विकास में निवेश करना शुरू किया, 1980 तक वह भारी उद्योगों का हब और वर्तमान में इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उत्पादों का विश्वसनीय वैश्विक निर्माता बन गया, उसके 95 प्रतिशत मजदूर स्किल्ड हैं या वोकेशनली ट्रेंड हैं, जबकि भारत में यह आंकड़ा तीन प्रतिशत है।

इसी तरह अमेरिका, जर्मनी, ऑस्ट्रेलिया, कनाडा और चीन में भी उद्योग और शिक्षण संस्थाओं का तालमेल होता है। अधिकांश विकसित देशों में उद्योगों से मिले फीडबैक पर आधारित स्किल डेवलपमेंट कोर्स डिजाइन होते हैं जो समय-समय पर नवीनतम तकनीक के अनुसार अपडेट होते रहते हैं।

आगे की राह : भारत के अधिकांश पाठ्यक्रम पुराने सिलेबस और अव्यावहारिक तरीकों पर आधारित है। यहां प्रशिक्षण के नाम पर केवल इंटर्नशिप करवाई जाती है। अभी जो वोकेशनल संस्थाएं हैं, अपनी पूरी क्षमता से काम करें तो भी हर साल स्कूल छोड़ने वालों में से केवल तीन प्रतिशत को ही वोकेशनल ट्रेनिंग दी जा सकती है।

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भारत में जहां एक तरफ करोड़ों लोग बेरोजगार हैं, तो दूसरी तरफ लोगों को जरूरत के समय प्लंबर, कारपेंटर, एसी फिटिंग जैसी सामान्य कार्यों के लिए अच्छी तरह ट्रेंड तकनीशियन नहीं मिल पाते। इसी तरह उद्योगों को भी कई तरह के तकनीशियन चाहिए होते हैं मगर उन्हें कुशल और हुनरमंद लोग मिल नहीं पाते।

इसका एक कारण यह भी है कि कोई भी वो काम करना ही नहीं चाहता, सभी को डॉक्टर, इंजीनियर या कहें तो व्हॉइट कॉलर जॉब ही करना है। भारत में छोटे-बड़े कामों की श्रेणियां बांट देने से आम लोगों में ए ग्रेड, बी ग्रेड और सी ग्रेड जॉब की धारणा बन गई है।

एक इंजीनियर या तो एमबीए करके सुरक्षित और ए ग्रेड नौकरी की तलाश में जुट जाता है या बेकार रहकर अच्छे अवसरों की प्रतीक्षा करता रहता है। ऐसा नहीं है कि सरकार इस समस्या से वाकिफ नहीं है, यही वजह है कि अब भारत में स्किल डेवलपमेंट पर जोर दिया जा रहा है, इसके लिए नेशनल स्किल डेवलपमेंट मिशन भी बनाया गया है, मगर रास्ता अभी बहुत लंबा है।

(हिंदी भाषी छात्रों की मदद के मकसद से ये बीबीसी हिन्दी और वेबदुनिया डॉट कॉम की संयुक्त पेशकश है। आने वाले दिनों में करियर से जुड़ी जरूरी जानकारियां हम आप तक पहुंचाएंगे।)